The Article seeks to demonstrate how theological theoretical systemsــwhich formed around many historical religions and therefore, we must distinguish between the theoretical systems and the main and intellectual esprits of the religions themselves that interpret history and historical events and personalities on the base of their frameworks of belief. They speak about the history as it must be and not as it is. For this reason, namely because of the commitment to a theological system, its believers, as well as followers of an ideology in modern time, have an instrumentalistic approach to history and its events and use history not just as an essential source for knowledge but as an instrument, in order to find some historical confirmations of their believes. In this approach to history, it is easily denied all historical cases which refute their believes. Because of the theological aspect and its characteristics, namely being polemic, circle, arbitrary, dualistic, and system-maker, the partial interpretations of the believers of theological systems must be conceived as a kind of "history-making" or "forging holy lies". But it must be attended that the expressions like "history-making" or "forging holy lies" must by no means conceived as attentive and moral  actions, but as an unconscious action and a epistemic failure. However, in theological systems we lose history a main source of our knowledge.

This paper is aims to review the book entitled Review of History: What and Why? byBeverley Southgate. Our findings show that this book is not an original work which contains speculations of the author, but it is an elementary text book about one of the most important questions of the philosophy of history, i. e. Does history have any kind of objectivity? In a good manner, he gathered views of the former as well as the latter. Also, he shows that how the history, as a disciplines affected by other fields of humanities. Its language is simple and has a logical structure. But relativistic and subjectivist approach of the author is one of the challenging aspects of this book in Iranian philosophical atmosphere. This book is old and its subject matters are very limited.

The book of al-Jamel was written to prove the legitimacy of Imam 'Ali in the Battle of Jamel. Theological views of Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid's contemporary sects on this event impressed and persuaded him to write about the Battle of Jamel and selecting of historical narratives about it. The question is what intellectual conditions influenced Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid to gathere the narratives of the Jamal and to write this book? Based on the textual analysis of al-Jamal's text, this study shows that Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid was against the two beliefs spreading in the society of the legitimacy of the performance of Companions of the Prophet at the head of the two armies as well as the theory of “ Legitimate heads/ Illegitimate companions” . He wrote his work on three axes: the explicit deviation of Jamel fighters from the orders of the Islamic religion; their insistence on war, their rejection of ijtihad and their repentance; the virtues and supereminence of Imam 'Ali.

The book “, History and Theory in Anthropology”,by Alan Barnard, a leading researcher and author of anthropological studies, especially anthropology in South Africa is among valuable works in the field of anthropology. In this book, he examines the theoretical nature of anthropology throughout history and the views of prominent scholars and thinkers of this science and their comparisons, as well as the rooting of theories and schools of thought presented in the field of anthropology. The purpose of this book is to examine the pioneering views of anthropological studies, evolution in all its dimensions, the theory of disseminators in cultural areas, functionalism and structural functionalism, pragmatic theories, processing, and Marxist views, various aspects of relativism, structuralism and post-structuralism, postmodernist views and recent interpretations. Although this work should be regarded as an overview of anthropological theories and related problems since it lacks the details of theorists, approaches, and ideas, its very briefness of the terms and contents, its conceptual clarity and explanation have been diminished and it requires revisions.

The under review book of Homo Deus, A Brief History of Tomorrow, is the second part of the trilogy of Sapiens, Homo Deus, and 21 Lessons for the 21st Century were all written by Yuval Noah Harari. In this book, the writer has first reviewed the history behind the formation of the human mindset from Paleolithic to the renaissance with particular emphasis on the scientific revolution and appearance of the humanism paradigm and its subdivisions (liberalism, socialism, and fascism). Doing so, he concluded that the invention of the internet of everything and using more sophisticated computer-generated algorithms by Google and Facebook (Dataism) would eventually put humans aside forever. The writers of this critique compared the Farsi translation with the English one and realized that some parts of the Farsi version suffer from improper translation, and some other parts have been deleted during the translation. In addition to that, it is probable that human societies might escape from the illustrated dark future by Harari. Learning from past events, and more importantly, using our global consciousness, which we possess more than ever, might change the inevitable future.

Technology of cloning has caused some challenges in various areas of human lives. In the process, happening by passing a material nucleus into an ovule of no nucleus, an entity like the original one come to existence. Some know the clone to be of many therapeutic effects and social benefits and help the needy patients, while others have considered it as something forbidden.This paper has brought some reasons for and against cloning into consideration. It has repelled such demurs as negating the existence of God, man’s being a creator, changing the creation, hampering the order of family and distraction of human variety. It has been proved that none of the demurs can lead to its being unlawful. Finally the problem of copy’s resurrection has been put forward and responsed.

Mohammad Abdoh was an Egyption reformist thinker and he was seyed jamal Asad abady's student. He tried with regard to the circumstances of time. He believed that domestic autocracy and foreign colonization are the most important factors for Muslems decline. From his view point religion and wisdom are harmonious and the issue of stable and variable and searching character of Ijtehad is a factor of progress for Muslems. He thought that there is a deep relation between Religion and politic and he was planning to correct the Ottoman Empire. From his viewpoint according to the council (showra) principle, sort of government is left to the people, and the chalif should not directly interfere with these subjects. As Abdoh's political thought is depended on his theological viewpoints, this article deals with his theological-political thought.

In this paper, the scientific methodology of the contemporary philosopher Imre Lakatos is revised to construct a methodology for theological systems. In this methodology, each theological system consists of the following main elements: (1) hard core I, (2) protective wall, (3) hard core II, and (4) auxiliary hypotheses. We will expound the criteria for the evaluation of different theological systems and show how a theological system prevails over other theological systems in the light of these criteria. These criteria are of two types: first, the criteria that we have presented for a successful and progressive theological system; second, the criteria mentioned in the philosophy of science for the evaluation of competitor scientific hypotheses and theories. In conclusion, we present the results of our proposed theological plan. Some of the results include preserving religion from distortion and deterioration, resolving the disputes over the relation between science and religion or reason and religion, and considering theology as a science parallel to other sciences.

Socio-cultural reading is one of the most important approaches in cultural history, which is highlighted in the book "An Introduction to the Cultural History of the Body in Iran". In this article, the methodology and content of the text begins with the question of: how the use of discourse approach in the cultural history of the body has an impact on the authors of the book and their reading of the sources and events of Iranian history and which are its strengths and weaknesses? By using a critical approach and historical analysis, the discussion can be achieved in an attempt to formulate a new history of Iran, provide a different interpretation of the understanding of history, highlight the sociological approach and cultural studies of the body, interpret the cover as cultural, political and religious mentioned the use of literary and illustrated sources with the aim of strengthening the socio-cultural history approach. However, the universal and detailed view as a result of the dominance of the holistic and theory-based approach in the text of the work is impaired and several historical data can be presented that challenge the inference of the authors of the book. On the other hand, the four divisions of the historical periods of Iran into the imperial era, the constitutional era, the modern era, and the religious era in different seasons have serious problems and do not correspond to the periods of Iranian history.